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POINTS TO REMEMBER
Why do we need to manage our Resources?
■ Natural resources are the non-living and living components of nature which are being used or have the potential of being used by human beings for meeting their various needs
■ Soil, water and air are cycled over and over again in nature.
■ Sources may be (1) inexhaustible-water, air, solar energy or (ii) Exhaustible-which are likely to be exhausted with continuous exploitation, further of two sub-types (a) Renewal that are being replenished naturally e.g.. Forest, wild life, soil (b) Non-renewable-lack of regeneration likely to exhausted by continuous use coal, fossil fuels.
■ Need for judicious use of resources so as to sustain the resources for sustainable development and for conservation of environment.
■ Exploitation of resources is connected with environmental problems (accumulation of waste. depleting natural resources) which are global, national and local in nature. However IPCC (International panel on climate change) have formulated a number of international laws and regulations for safe guarding the environment and natural resource.
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■ Our society is aware about these problems and some action is being taken. Ganga action plan is one of the actions. Ganga has been turned into a drain by hundred towns of U.P. Bihar and W. Bengal.
■ Discharge of untreated sewage, bathing, washing of cloth, castles, immersion of ashes, unburnt corpses, chemical effluents from industries have very badly degraded the quality of water in Ganga. It has resulted in killing of fish in most part of the river.
■ B.O.D. pH, COD of the water helps in quantifying pollution in the quality of water. pH can be early checked by pH universal indicator.
■Impact of environmental problems can be minimised by doing little things that make a great difference. We can save environment by observing three Rs-reduce, recycle and reuse.
■ Reduce-means useless, no wastage-switching off necessary light repairing leaky taps etc.
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■ Recycle: using recycled plastic, paper, glass and metal products instead of synthesising or extracting fresh, need to segregate the waste that can be recycled.
■ Reuse is better than recycling, use a thing again and again instead of throwing away e.g.. Plastic bottle can be used for storing kitchen items, using paper envelopes by reversing.
■ Adopt a policy of making environment friendly decision while making everyday choices.
■ Concept of sustainable development encourages form of growth that meet current basic human needs while preserving the resource for the need of future generation. It needs change in all aspects of life, especially socio-economic and environmental conditions.
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Table of Contents
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CLASS 10 NOTES
1. “Industrialisation is one of the two causes or deterioration of environmental”. List any four reasons in favour of this statement.
Ans. (a)It adds harmful poisonous gases to air pollution.
(b) Industrial effluents cause water pollution.
(c) Solid wastes generated by industries pollute soil and ground water.
(d) It is also a major source of noise pollution.
2. Suggest two important measures to reduce consumption of various natural resources.
Ans. (a) Controlled Exploitation. Exploitation of natural resources is limited so as to meet the just demands of the society.
(b) Minimum Wastage. Technology is employed to ensure minimum wastage during processing of the resource.
3. State any four personal choices you would like to make to reduce energy consumption without effecting the quality of life or work explaining how each one of them would help you to do so.
Ans. (a) Gadgets: Switching off lights, fans, T.V., radio and domestic gadgets not in use.
(b) Winter: Wearing an extra sweater in winter instead of using heating devices (heater or sigri) for keeping warm.
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(c) CFL: Use of compact fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent bulbs as they consume only one-fifth of the power. A further improvement is use of LED (Light emitting diode).
(d) School Bus or Car Pool: Use of school bus or car pool instead of personal vehicle for going to office.
4. Write the harmful effects of using plastic bags on the environment. Suggest alternatives to plastic bags.
Ans. Plastic is non-biodegradable. Being non-biodegradable, waste plastic pile up adversely affecting the environment. When burnt or recycled they give out toxic fumes.
An alternative to plastic bag is cloth bag. It can be reused several times. The torn cloth can also be recycled. It can also undergo decomposition.
5. What is meant by exploitation of resources with short term aims? List its four advantages.
Ans. Short Term Aims: Exploitation of resources with short terms aims is to obtain and utilise the resource to the maximum so that the benefits are available almost immediately.
Advantages: (i) It opens avenues for rapid industrial growth.
(ii) People get employment opportunities.
(iii) Commodities become available in plenty.
(iv) Growth in economy allows better development of public facilities.
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6.”Affluent life style has a effect on the environment”. Justify this statement with the help an example.
Ans. Affluent life style has an approach of convenience, use and throws habit. It not only wastes a lot of natural resources but also produces a lot of waste. 36% of solid waste consists of packing’ materials. Americans annually throw away about 50 billion food and drink cans and 27 billion glass bottles and jars.
7. What is meant by renewable natural resource?
Ans. Renewable natural resources are those resources of nature which are replenished regularly and are therefore, likely to remain available indefinitely if they are not used beyond their renewability, e.g., forests.
8. Why is an equitable distribution of resources essential in a society? List two forces which are against such distribution.
Ans. Rich nations are taking away a lot of natural resources of developing countries in exchange for supplying technology and finished goods. The equitable distribution of resources is essential because of (i) limited availability (ii) Unequal distribution on earth (iii) Use and throw tendency. Rich person and developed countries have excessive consumption of natural resource and above all, their use and throw tendency.
9. What are natural resources? State two factors that work against an Equitable distribution of these resources.
Ans. Definition: Natural resources are living and non-living components of nature which can be used by humans to meet their requirements.
Factors Against Equitable Distribution:
(i) Unequal availability of resources, abundant at one place and efficient at another place.
(ii) Excessive use of resources by rich people and struggle for the resources in the area of deficiency by common man.
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9. What changes would you suggest in your home in order to be environment friendly?
Ans. We have come across the three R’s, i.e., reduce, recycle and reuse, which must be followed in each home to save the environment. Therefore, I will also suggest to follow:
(i) Reduce: Use the natural resources in reasonable amount so that they are not wasted.
(ii) Recycle: Collect the items such as plastic, paper, glass, etc., for making the required materials. We should not throw them along with other waste materials.
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(iii) Reuse: We should use the things again and again. For example, the used envelop, bottles, cans, etc. should be kept for their use in future.
10. Suggest a few measures for controlling carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Ans. (i) Planting of trees.
(ii) Increase use of alternate sources of energy (solar energy, wind energy etc.) instead fuels.
(iii) Avoid burning of litter and crop residue instead, convert these into manure. Smoke from its discharge into of fossil factories should be treated to remove harmful gases before the atmosphere.
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Forests and Wildlife
■ Forests are the important natural resources dominated by trees. Forest are biodiversity “hot spot” means an area covered by wide range of life forms including bacteria, fungi, ferns, flowering plants, nematodes, birds, reptiles mammals etc.
■ Forest need conservation as they are essential for ecological balance of all ecosystems, maintain biological diversity, prevent flood, cause rains and above all safe guard future of tribals.
■ It is often suggested that loss of diversity lead to loss of ecological stability.
■ For conservation of forests, we need to look at interests of different stakeholders.
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(a) Tribal people who live in or around forests depend for various needs food, fire wood, thatching, implements for agriculture, fishing and hunting
(b) Forest Department of Govt. which owns the land and control resources from forests, ignored needs of local people and converted forests in to monoculture of pine, teak or eucalyptus, led to destruction of biodiversity, benefitted only a few industrialists and acted as an important source of revenue for forest dept.
(c) Industrialist look at the forests as merely a source of raw materials for their factories, but do not bother for sustainability of forests or ecological problems of the area
(d) The wild life and nature enthusiasts who want to conserve nature in its pristine form
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■ Every effort for conservation of forest system and eco-development is useless untill the participation of local people working traditionally for conservation of forest.
■ Bishnoi community of Rajasthan, for them conservation of forests and wild life is a religious affair. Amrita Devi Bishnoi sacrificed her life along with 363 others, for the protection of Khejri trees in Khejrali village near Jodhpur in Rajasthan. Govt. of India has recently instituted an “Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Awards for wild life conservation” in her memory.
■ Management of protected areas by keeping the local people out, cannot possibly, be successful as in case of great Himalayan National Park in the absence of nomadic shepherds, grasses first grow very tall and then falls over preventing fresh growth.
■ Chipko movement, led by Shri Sunder Lal Bhauguna, appko movement under the leadership of Panduraing Hegde is the great example of people’s participation in the management of forests. The important gift of trees to us is not timber but also water and oxygen. The slogan of these movements is infact planting five Fs food, fodder, fuel, fibre and fertilizers tree
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■ Environment is a vast and complex entity that offers a range of natural resources. There is a need to use these resources with caution for our economic and social growth
■ Sustainable Management development can only be acquired by the participation of local people. They can lead to efficient management of forests
■ Wild life include all the naturally occurring animals, coloured birds, deer, lions, tigers, elephant, plants and other life forms in the forest which are neither domesticated nor tamed. They are important in maintaining the ecological balance.
■ There is a great threat to wild life from hunting, destruction of habitats, illegal hunting/poaching for their highly priced timber articles timber, and over grazing by domestic animals Most of the species of plants, animals are liable to become extinct, are called as Pendangered species.
■ Wild life conservation aims at
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(a) Protection of natural habitats
(b) Maintainance of wild life in protected areas (Reserves)
(c) Protection through legislation.
11. What is meant by sustainable management? The environment are insisting upon “sustainable natural resources management?” State its four advantages.
Ans. Sustainable Management: It is controlling the use of resource in such a way as to provide for its equitable and continuous availability not only to the present generation but also for future generation without any harmful impact on the environment. Environmentalists insist on sustainable natural resources management because of the following reason:
1. Equitable Distribution: The resources would be made available to all sections of the society instead of a few rich persons.
2. Controlled Exploitation: The exploitation is restricted so as to meet the just demands of the society 3. Minimum Wastage. Technology is employed to ensure minimum wastage during processing of the resource.
4. Disposal of Waste. The waste of the processing units is not allowed to degrade the environment. Instead proper safety measures are taken to convert the waste into useful product.
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12. Explain giving example where active involvement of local people led to efficient management of forest.
Ans. Sal forest of Arabari in Midnapore district of Bengal was highly degraded and could not be revived despite best efforts of forest department. In 1972, forest officer A.K. Banerjee involved villagers in regeneration of the forest by providing them employment in silviculture and harvesting, 25% harvest and allowed collection of fuel wood and fodder at nominal charges. By 1983, the forest was fully revived.
13. State the cause of Chipko movement.
Forest resources were sold to industrialists at a rate far below the market price. They were denied to local person even and they formed a cooperative for their purchase. The locals were also prevented from plucking leaves and lopping of branches. The contractor would fell the whole trees. This irked the villagers of tehri-Garwal who started a movement of clasping trees when contractor will reach to fell the trees. The movement slowly got transformed into conservation of environment (forests, wildlife and natural habitats).
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14. Why should we conserve forests? Suggest any two ways to conserve forests.
Ans. We should conserve forests because they not only provide a number of economically important
products but also provide shelter to wild animals, protect soil, regulate water flow and climate.
Forest are conserved through (i) Regular sustained yield block cutting and (ii) Separation of commercial forestry (production plantation) from natural forestry.
15. State the meaning of biodiversity hotspot. What is the criteria of measuring biodiversity of an area?
Ans. Biodiversity hotspot is an area of occurrence of diverse types of organisms which is threatened with degradation and fragmentation.
The criteria for measuring biodiversity of an area is the occurrence of different types of plants and animals or species richness of the area.
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16. What harm has been caused to alpine meadows since nomadic shepherds have been stopped from grazing their cattle in such meadows?
Ans. The establishment of great Himalayan national park has prevented the nomadic shepherds to take their flocks to alpine meadow for grazing. The grass of alpine meadows now grows very tall, then falls over, stopping fresh growth.
17. Suggest any two ways by which the balance between the environment and industrial development is maintained so as to help undisturbed survival of the organisms on the earth.
Ans. Industries consider the forests as merely a source of raw materials for its factories. They turn
blind eye to the deforestation caused by industrial needs.
For sustained yield block cutting is the method. Forest is divided into number of blocks and in one year trees of one block are felled and the block is reforested immediately. In this way annual deforestation is compensated by annual reforestation.
Separation of commercial forestry where useful plants required by industry should be planted separately preferably on waste land. Growing industry required plants is called production plantation.
18. What is meant by wildlife? How is it important for us?
Ans. Wildlife refers to living beings comprising animals, plants and microorganisms found in natural habitat. Wildlife is important for its economic benefits (source of food. timber fuel wood, commercial products) protective function (reduce pollution, stabilize soil and shelter) and regulative functions (absorption and retention of water) climate-increase in humidity, rainfall, moderate global warming.
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19. Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests.
Ans. The following measures are suggested for the conservation of forests:
1. Plantation of indigenous or exotic species to develop forests in all the available land.
2. The forest reserve must be protected from fuel starved villages, fodder-starved cattles a commercial exploitation.
3. Indiscriminate felling of trees for the purpose of timber must be reduced. 4. Participation of local people and villagers must be taken in conservation of forests and th should be given proper employment.
Water for all
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■ Water is basic necessity for all forms of life. A most precious natural resource used to drink. wash, cook, clean and in agriculture and in industries. Human intervention has polluted the water and changed the availability of water in various regions.
■ Rains in India are mainly in monsoons, for a few months in a year. Failure to sustain under ground water has resulted in loss of vegetation cover, deviation from water demanding crops, pollution from industrial effluent and urban wastes.
■ Dams, tanks and canals are irrigation method since times, meeting agriculture and daily need through the year.
■ The use of stored water regulated and the cropping pattern mainly based on water availability came into existence.
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■ British changed this system to large scale dams and long canals transversing long distances. These large projects led to neglect of local irrigation methods and Govt took over the control from people over local water sources.
■ In Himachal localsystem of canal irrigation called kulhd worked for centuries. Water from kulhs percolated in to the soil and fed springs at various points.
■ Large dams ensure the supply of water through out year and also generate electricity. Canal system leading from these dams transfer large amount of water over long-distance. Indira Gandhi canal from Bhakra dam has brought greenery to a large area of Rajasthan.
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■ Dams are useful (i) storage of adquate water to be used through canal system (ii) continuous supply of water in towns and cities through pipe lines (iii) flowing water from height to generate electricity.
■ Problem associated (i) no equitable distribution, farther downstream people do not get water (ii) Many peoples have been displaced while building dams and canal system, and have not been properly compensated/benefited.
■ These problems are (i) social problems (ii) economic problem-huge amount is spent without the generation of proportionate benefits (iii) Environmental problem-enormous deforestation and loss of biological diversity.
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■ Poor tribal people are alienated from their lands and forests without adequate compensation.
Water harvesting/watershed management is mainly concerned with scientific soil and water conservation to increase the biomass production.
■ Main aims is to develop primary resources of land and water to produce secondary resources of plants and animals without ecological imbalance.
■ It increase the income of watershed community, reduces drought and flood, and increase the life of downstream dams and reservoirs.
■ These communities are using native water saving methods such as dug pits and lakes built by small earthen dams, constructed dykes, sand and lime stone reservoirs, setup roof top water collecting units to capture every trickle of water that had fallen on land to life
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■ All these measures have recharged ground water even brought rivers back to life
■ Different parts of India has different methods of water harvesting such as Khadins, tanks, Nadis in Rajasthan bandharas and tals in Maharashtra, bundhis in M.P, U.P, ahars and pynes in Bihar etc
■ These techniques are highly local specific and benefits are also localised. Local peoples managing these resources ensures mismanagement and over exploitation is reduced/removed
■ Crescent shaped earthen embankments or low straight concrete and rubble check dams are built across seasonaly flooded gullies in large level terrain. They hold up water for quite a long time after monsoons
■ The ground water does not evaporate, spreads out to recharge well and provides moisture for vegetation over a large area. Moreover, it does not provide a breeding ground for mosquitoes as in case of surface water. In addition ground water is protected from contamination by excreta of man and animals.
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20. List three advantages of different ancient parts of India water harvesting techniques developed in various parts of India.
(i) Management: The management of the local water harvesting technique was also local. This helped in making changes as requirement and local conditions.
(ii) Regulation: The use of stored water was strictly regulated. Not a drop was allowed to be wasted.
(iii) Cropping Pattern: It was based on water availability and experience of crop requirement.
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21. Give four advantages of building a dam over a river.
(i) Prevention of floods: Dams store excess water during rains and therefore prevent flooding.
(ii) Generation of Electricity: Dams are used for generation of electricity.
(iii) Irrigation: They provide irrigation water to a large area all around the year. (iv) Drinking Water: Many towns and cities receive drinking water from canals originating from dams.
22.”Rain water harvesting is essential”. Justify this statement giving two
Ans. Most of our water requirements are met by pumping out ground water which has, therefore, got depleted at most of the places. Rain water harvesting is capturing, collections and storage of rain water for filling small water bodies and recharging ground water. (i) It help in maintaining level of ground water as it is regularly recharged. (ii) It ensure availability of water in non-rainy season.
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23. (a) What is water shed management?
(b) How is it helpful to ecosystem?
Ans. (a) Watershed management is the prevention of soil erosion by planting of more trees and other
vegetation in high raised areas which are the source of run off to low lying areas.
(b) (i) Flooding and soil erosion are prevented as trees in water-shed area retain more water underground.
(ii) More animals and other biota reach the area to form a well balanced ecosystem.
24.”Narmada Bachao Andolan” raised issues of how construction of big dams creates environment problems. Discus two such issues.
Ans. (i) Deforestation. A large area is submerged resulting in loss of forests and wildlife.
(ii) Environment Changes. The impounded water raises atmospheric temperature and releases a lot of methane.
25. State any two reasons for launching the “Ganga Action Plan”. Which bacteria were found in Ganga water indicating contamination?
Ans. Ganga is a ‘sacred’ river where people take holy bath. Its ‘sacred’ water is taken to homes and temples. The river also supplies drinking water to over 50 million people. Over the years, the river has got polluted due to discharge of untreated sewage, untreated effluents, immersion of ashes and throwing of unburnt corpses. Bacteria indicating pollution are called coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli).
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26. Compare the above system with the probable system in hilly/mountainous area or plains plateau regions.
Ans.Checkdams is built across seasonally flooded gullies in hilly regions. They are different from or
ponds and pits as they store the running water. They are more advantageous because they do not provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes and do not get easily polluted by human and animals wastes.
27 Find out the sources of water in your region/locality. Is water from this source available to all people living in that area?
Ans. In our locality, the water is supplied by municipal board through taps. This water is mainly obtained from river or from tube wells. The water supply is not sufficient to cater the needs of general people. Some rich and resourceful people get more water supply as compared to poor people. Some village people get their water supply from wells.
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Coal and Petroleum
■ Our increasing energy Coal and petroleum fossil fuels form the important source of energy. needs are met by reserves of coal and petroleum.
■ Coal and petroleum formed from degradation of biomass, millions of years ago. They would exhaust in near future, how economically we use them.
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■ It is estimated that petroleum reserves will last for another forty years and coal reserves last for another two hundred years.
■ These fossil fuels beside carbon also contain H+, N, and sulphur. On burning they produce CO2, H2 O, NOx, and SO₂, SO3, H2S etc. In insufficient oxygen instead of CO2, CO are produced. These oxides of NOx, SOx, and CO are highly poisonous.
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■ At high concentration CO2 act as green house gas and does not allow the heat reflected from the earth to escape in the atmosphere, thus increase the temperature of earth a phenomenon called global warming Hence needs to use these resources judiciously.
■ Fossil fuels can be conserved by following environment friendliness attitude and life style
(i) Take a bus, walking/cycling instead of using your personal vehicle.
(ii) Use bulbs or fluorescent tubes in your homes.
(iii) Taking the stairs instead of using lift.
(iv) Wearing an extra sweater on cold days instead of using a heater.
Note: Supreme court of India have instructed the automobile manufacturers to use Bharat stage-4 engine in new vehicles from April 2017, for ensuring complete combustion in these engines in order to increase efficiency and also reduce air pollution.
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28. What is petroleum? What other substances are derived from crude petroleum?
Ans. Petroleum is a fossil fuel that occurs in the form of liquid-oil. It is a mixture of various hydrocarbons. It occurs naturally inside the earth and is obtained commonly by drilling oil wells. The crude oil can be separated to produce kerosene oil, neptha. gasoline, etc.
29. What are non-renewable resources? Give of few examples.
Ans. The non-renewable resources are limited in availability, i.e., one used, they are lost for over as they are not restored. Examples, metallic minerals, coal, petroleum, natural gas,
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30. What are the steps to be taken to conserve energy resources?
Ans. 1. Switch off the electrical appliances when not needed. This will save a lot of electricity.
2. Use stairs to climb at least upto three floors of a building instead of taking a lift. This will save electricity.
3. Pressure cookers should be used for cooking food to save fuels like kerosene and LPG.
4. Good quality efficient stoves should be used to burn fuels like kerosene and cooking gas (LPG) so as to obtain maximum heat.
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5. Solar cookers should be used to cook food wherever possible.
6. The use of biogas as domestic fuel should be encouraged in rural areas.
7. Bicycles should be used for covering short distances to save precious fuel like petrol (which is used in cars, scooters and motorcycles).
8. Public transport system (local bus and train services) in the cities should be improved so that the people do not commute in their personal vehicles. This will save a lot of petrol and diesel.
9. Fuel efficient engines of motor vehicles should be designed to reduce the consumption of
petrol and diesel.
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31. How acid rains are produced?
Ans. Sulphur and nitrogen oxides and dioxide attacks the lungs causing bronchitis and other disease. Sulphur dioxide also dissolves in rain water making it acidic. The acid rain thus produced damages trees, plants, buildings and metal structures.
32. What is the importance of coal and petroleum?
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Ans. Coal and petroleum are the natural resources which are important “sources of energy us. Coal is used as a fuel as such in homes and in industry, or it is used to generate electricity at Thermal Power Plants. Petroleum products such as petrol and diesel are used as fuels in transports to run scooters, motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, trains, ships and aero planes, Kerosene and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) obtained from petroleum are used as domestic fuels for cooking food, and running automobiles.
33. How carbon dioxide leads to global warming?
Ans. Though carbon dioxide is not a poisonous gas but it is a greenhouse gas which traps sun’s heat energy falling on the earth. The burning of more and more of fossil fuels is increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causing increased green house effect leading to global warming.
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