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Social reforms in India
The spread of liberal ideas of the west provided further stimulus for the emergence of reform movements. These movements introduced important changes in social and religious life of the people of India.
Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj
Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism. He is considered as the first ‘modern man of India’. He was a pioneer of socio-religious reform movements in modern India.
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Born in 1772 in the Hooghly district of Bengal, he inculcated a brilliant freedom of thought and rationality. He studied the Bible as well as Hindu and Muslim religious texts. He had excellent command over many languages including English, Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, French, Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
In 1815, he established the Atmiya Sabha. Later, it was developed into the Brahmo Sabha in August 1828. Through this organisation, he preached that there is only one God. He combined the teachings of the Upanishads, the Bible and the Koran in developing unity among the people of different religions.
Raj Rammohan Roy is most remembered for helping Lord William Bentinck to declare the practice of Sati a punishable offence in 1829. He also protested against the child marriage and female infanticide. He favored the remarriage of widows, female education and women’s right to property.
He felt that the caste system was the greatest hurdle to Indian unity. He believed in the equality of mankind. He did not believe in the supremacy of the Brahmin priests. He favoured inter-caste marriages. He himself adopted a Muslim boy. In 1817, he founded the Hindu College along with David Hare, a missionary. He also set up schools for girls.
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Rammohan Roy started the first Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi and edited a Persian weekly Mirat-ul-akhbar. He stood for the freedom of the press. Rammohan died in Bristol in England in 1833.
Henry Vivian Derozio and the Young Bengal Movement
Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young Bengal Movement. He was born in Calcutta in 1809 and taught in the Hindu College, Calcutta. His followers were known as the Derozians and their movement the Young Bengal Movement. They attacked old traditions and decadent customs. They also advocated women’s rights and their education. They founded associations and organized debates against idol worship, casteism and superstitions.
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Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and the Arya Samaj
The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswathi at Bombay in 1875. Born in Kathiawar in Gujarat, Swami Dayanand (1824-83) was a scholar, a patriot, a social reformer and a revivalist. He believed the Vedas were the source of true knowledge. His motto was “Back to the Vedas”.
He was against idol worship, child marriage and caste system based on birth. He encouraged inter- caste marriages and widow remarriage. He started the Suddhi movement to bring back those Hindus who had converted to other religions to its fold. He wrote the book Satyartha Prakash which contains his ideas.
The Arya Samaj, though founded in Bombay, became very powerful in Punjab and spread its influence to other parts of India. It has contributed very much to the spread of education. The first Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (DAV) School was founded in 1886 at Lahore. Many more schools came up in other parts of India in later years. The Arya Samaj had also spread nationalism. Hundreds of Arya Samaj patriots, including Lala Lajpat Rai, took part in the Indian freedom struggle.
Prarthana Samaj
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The Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 in Bombay by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang. It was an off-shoot of Brahmo Samaj. It was a reform movement within Hinduism and concentrated on social reforms like inter-dining, inter-marriage, widow remarriage and uplift of women and depressed classes. Justice M.G. Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar joined it in 1870 and infused new strength to it. Justice Ranade promoted the Deccan Education Society.
Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna Mission
The original name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902) and he became the most famous disciple of Shri Ramkrishna Paramahamsa. He was born in a prosperous Bengali family of Calcutta and educated in Scottish Church College. In 1886 Narendranath took the vow of Sanyasa and was given the name, Vivekananda.
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He preached Vedantic Philosophy. He condemned the caste system and the current Hindu emphasis on rituals and ceremonies. Swami Vivekananda participated at the Parliament of Religions held in Chicago (USA. in September 1893 and raised the prestige of India and Hinduism very high.
Vivekananda preached the message of strength and self- reliance. He asked the people to improve the lives of the poor and depressed classes. He believed that service to mankind is service to God. He founded the Ramkrishna Mission at Belur in Howrah in 1897. It is a social service and charitable society. The objectives of this Mission are providing humanitarian relief and social work through the establishment of schools, colleges, hospitals and orphanages.
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Theosophical Society
The Theosophical Society was founded in New York (USA. in 1875 by Madam H.P. Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and Henry Steel Olcott, an American colonel. Their main objectives were to form a universal brotherhood of man without any distinction of race, colour or creed and to promote the study of ancient religions and philosophies. They arrived in India and established their headquarters at Adyar in Madras in 1882.
Later in 1893, Mrs. Annie Besant arrived in India and took over the leadership of the Society after the death of Olcott. Mrs. Annie Besant founded the Central Hindu School along with Madan Mohan Malaviya at Benaras which later developed into the Banaras Hindu University.
Jyotiba Phule
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Jyotiba Phule belonged to a low caste family in Maharashtra. He waged a life-long struggle against upper caste domination and Brahmanical supremacy. In 1873 he founded the Satyashodak Samaj to fight against the caste system. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked for the education for women. Jyotiba Phule and his wife established the first girls’ school at Poona in 1851.
Aligarh Movement
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The Aligarh Movement was started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) for the social and educational advancement of the Muslims in India. He fought against the medieval backwardness and advocated a rational approach towards religion. In 1866, he started the Mohammadan Educational Conference as a general forum for spreading liberal ideas among the Muslims. In 1875, he founded a modern school at Aligarh to promote English education among the Muslims. This had later grown into the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental College and then into the Aligarh Muslim University.
Parsi Reform Movement
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The Parsi Religious Reform Association was founded at Bombay by Furdunji Naoroji and S.S. Bengalee in 1851. They advocated the spread of women’s education. They also wanted to reform their marriage customs. Naoroji published a monthly journal, Jagat Mithra. The momentum gathered through these reform movements and went a long way in uplifting the entire community. By the middle of the twentieth century most of them were highly placed in various capacities and have made a significant contribution to India’s development.
Table of Contents
SOCIAL REFORM IN INDIA FOR SSC CHSL MCQs 2022
1.Which of the following was not one of the distinguished leaders of the Aligarh School of Sayed Ahmed Khan?
A.Sayed Jamal-al-din Afghani
B.Chiragh Ali
C.Altaf Hussain Hali
D.Nazir Ahmad
Answer:A.
2.A group of Ulema established a school at Deoband in Saharanpur district in 1867, to train religious leaders for the community. Which of the following was not one of the objects of Deoband movement?
A.To exalt the word of God
B.To organize the Muslims to live according to the original Islamic principles
C.Not to offer cooperation to the government or the nobility
D.To follow strictly the path shown by Sayed Ahmed Khan
Answer: D.
3.Who was responsible for the enactment of the Hindu Widow’s Remarriage Act of 1856?
A.Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
B.Devendranath Tagore
C.Raja Rammohan Roy
D.Keshab Chandra Sen
Answer:A.
4.Which of the following was not associated with the establishment of Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha (Religious Reform Association) started in 1851 with the object of restoring Zoroastrian religion to its pristine purity and modernizing Parsi social custom?
A.Naoroji Furdonji
B.Dadabhai Naoroji
C.SS Bangalee
D.Shibli Numani
Answer:D.
5.Which of the following peasant movement is not properly matched with the state in which it was launched?
A.Kisan Sabha and Ekta Movement : Uttar Pradesh
B.Moplah Rebellion : Kerela
C.Bardoli Satyagraha : Gujrat
D.Pabna Agrarian League : Maharashtra
Answer:D.
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6.The term ‘apabhramsa’ was used in medieval Sanskrit texts to denote?
A.outcastes among the Rajputs
B.deviations from Vedic rituals
C.early forms of some of the modern Indian languages
D.non-sanskrit verse metres
Answer:C.
7.Which of the following pairs is/are not correctly matched?
A.Jamnalal Bajaj : Satyagraha Ashram at Wardha
B.Dadabhai Naoroji : Bombay Association
C.Lala Lajpat Rai : National School at Lahore
D.Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Satya Shodhak Sabha
Answer:D.
- Which of the following was not one of the factors responsible for the Moplah rising in 1921?
A. Social disabilities
B. Police excesses
C. Non-cooperation propaganda
D. Khilafatist meetings
Answer: A. - Which of the following was an emigree communist journal of MN Roy?
A. Kisan Sabha
B. The Worker
C. Vanguard
D. Anushilan
Answer: C. - Who among the following immediately succeeded Raja Rammohan Roy as the Head of Brahmo Samaj?
A. Devendranath Tagore
B. Akshay Kumar Dutta
C. Keshab Chandra Sen
D. Sibnath Shastri
Answer: A.
DOWNLOAD MOBILE APPLICATION TO LEARN MORE: SOCIAL REFORM IN INDIA FOR SSC CHSL MCQs 2022 - Who among the following had founded the Theosophical Society in the United States of America?
A. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
B. Madame Blavatsky
C. Madame Cama
D. Lala Hardayal
Answer: B. - What was the underlying unity of the religious reform movement of modern times?
A. All of them appealed to faith and ancient authority.
B. Most of them derived their support from the masses.
C. Most of them were based on the twin doctrine of Reason and Humanism.
D. All of them had a broad and scientific approach to the problems of society.
Answer: C. - The Vaikom Satyagraha was launched in Kerala to
A. open the temples for the entry of the lower castes.
B. ban the initiation of Devdasis for temple service.
C. remove utouchability.
D. force the temple authority to appoint non-Brahmins as priests.
Answer: A. - Who among the following wrote the book, “Babuvivha”?
A. Raja Rammohan Roy
B. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
C. Pandita Rambai
D. Rabindranath Tagore
Answer: B. - Which of the following did not affect a change in the status of the lower castes?
A. Loss of monopoly on land ownership by the traditional upper class
B. Rise of the ruler capitalist class
C. Growth of a new middle class
D. British colonial policy of undermining native traditions
Answer: D.
DOWNLOAD MOBILE APPLICATION TO LEARN MORE: SOCIAL REFORM IN INDIA FOR SSC CHSL MCQs 2022 - Who among the following leaders did not believe in the drain theory of Dadabhai Naoroji?
A. B.G. Tilak
B. R.C. Dutt
C. M.G. Ranade.
D. Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
Answer: D. - Which of the following aspects of the cast system was particularly condemned by all social reformers?
A. Varna system
B. Jati system
C. Ashram system
D. Untouchability.
Answer: D. - Which one of the following places was associated with Acharya Vinoba Bhave’s Bhoodan Movement at the beginning of the movement?
A. Udayagiri
B. Raipur
C. Pochampalli
D. Ventkatagiru
.
Answer: C. - Who amongst the following Englishmen first translated Bhagvad Gita into English?
A. William Jones
B. Charles Wilkins
C. Alexander Cunningham
D. John Marshall.
Answer: B. - Where was the Depressed Classes Mission Society started in 1906 with the object of improving ‘the social as well as the spiritual conditions of the Depressed Classes’ set up?
A. Calcutta
B. Poona
C. Bombay
D. Madras
Answer: C.
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ALSO VISIT: HISTORY
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