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(1) BRAHMO SAMAJ BY RAJA RAMOHUN ROY
- In 1828, Raja Rammohun Roy founded Brahmo Sabha which was later renamed ‘Brahma Semaj‘.
- The Brahmo Semaj made an effort to reform the Hindu religion by removing abuses and by basing it on the worship of one God and on the teachings of the Vedas and Upanishads even though it repudiated the doctrine of the infallibility of the Vedas.
- Brahmos were basically opposed to idolatry and superstitious practices and rituals, in fact to the entire Brahmanical system.
- The Brahmos were also great social reformers. They actively opposed the caste system and child marriage and supported the general uplift of women, including widow remarriage, and the spread of modem education to men and women.
- The Brahmo tradition of Raja Rammohun Roy was carried forward after 1843 by Devendra Nath Tagore and after 1866 by Keshab Chandra Sen.
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(2) TATTVABODHINI SABHA AND ADI BRAHMO SAMAJ BY DEBENDRANATH TAGORE
- Devendra Nath Tagore, father of Rabindranath Tagore formed Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839.
- He later gave a new life to Brahmo Semaj when he joined it in 1842.
- He devoted himself to the systematic study of India’s past with a rational outlook.
- He propagated Roy’s ideas.
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(3) BRAHMO SAMAJ OF INDIA BY KESHAB CHANDRA SEN
- Keshab Chandra Sen joined Brahmo Samaj in 1858 and was made acharya by Debendranath Tagore.
- He was instrumental in popularising Brahmo Samaj outside Bengal in the United Provinces, Punjab, Bombay and Madras.
- In 1863, Keshab was instrumental in the formation of Prarthana Samaj in Bombay which relied on education and persuasion and not on direct confrontation with Hindu Orthodoxy.
- Keshab Sen was a strong believer in religious universalism. He often stated that “Our position is not that truths are to be found in all religious, but that all established religions of the world are true”.
- His radicalism brought him into opposition with Debendranath. In 1866, the Samaj was formally divided into Adi Brahmo Samaj (headed by Debendranath Tagore) and the Brahmo Samaj of India (headed by Keshab Chandra Sen)
- In 1873 due to the inexplicable act of getting his own 13-year-old daughter married by following all Orthodox Hindurituals, Brahmo Samaj of India was again split.
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(4) YOUNG BENGAL MOVEMENT BY HENRY DEROZIO
- Henry taught at Hindu College from 1826-31.
- Inspired by French Revolution, he taught his pupils to think freely, rationally and question all authority.
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(5) RAMAKRISHNA MOVEMENT BY SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
- Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1834-86) was a saintly person who sought religious salvation in the traditional ways of renunciation, meditation and devotion (bhakti).
- He emphasised that there were many roads to God and salvation and that service of man was service of God, for man was the embodiment of God.
- Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) was his disciple.
- Vivekanda popularised Ramakrishna’s religious messages. He tried to put it in a form that would suit the needs of contemporary Indian society.
- Vivekanda wrote in 1898; “For our own motherland a junction of the two great systems, Hinduism and Islam… is the only hope”.
- At the same time, he was convinced of the superior approach of the Indian philosophical tradition. He himself subscribed to Vedanta which he declared to be a fully rational system.
- Vivekananda criticised Indians for having lost touch with the rest of the world and became stagnant and mummified.
- Vivekananda condemned the caste system and the Hindu emphasis on rituals and superstitions.
- He urged people to imbibe the spirit of liberty, equality and free-thinking.
- Vivekananda was a great humanist. Shocked by the poverty, misery and suffering of the common people of the country, he wrote: “The only God in whom I believe, the sum total of all souls, and above all, my God the wicked, my God the afflicted, my God the poor of all races”
- To the educated Indians, he said: So long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man a traitor, who having been educated at their expense, pays not the least heed to them”
- In 1897, Vivekananda founded Ramakrishna Mission to carry on humanitarian relief and social work. It thus laid emphasis on social good or social service.
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(6) PRARTHANA SAMAJ BY DADOBA PANDURANG AND ATMARAM PANDURANG
Prarthana Samaj or “Prayer Society” in Sanskrit, was a movement for religious and social reform in Bombay, India, based on earlier reform movements.
Prarthana Samaj was founded by the Dadoba Pandurang and his brother Atmaram Pandurang in 1863 when Keshub Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra, with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God.
It became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined. Two of its great leaders were G Bhandarkar, the famous Sanskrit scholar and historian, and Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842-1901).
The main reformers were the intellectuals who advocated reforms of the social system of the Hindus in the light of modern knowledge.
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(7) ARYA SAMAJ BY SWAMI DAYANAND DAYANAND SARASWATI
- The Arya Samaj undertook the task of reforming the Hindu religion in the west and north India.
- It was founded in 1875 by Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-83).
- Swami Dayanand believed that selfish and ignorant priests had perverted Hindu religion with the aid of the Puranas which, he said, were full of false teachings.
- For his own inspiration, Swami Dayanand went to the Vedas which he considered infallible, being the inspired word of God, and as the fountain of all knowledge.
- Some of Swami Dayanand’s followers later started a network of school and colleges in the country to impart education on western lines. Lala Hansraj played a leading part in this effort.
- In 1902, Swami Shradhananda started the Gurukul near Hardwar to propagate the more traditional ideals of education.
- One of Arya Samaj’s objectives was to prevent the conversion of Hindus to other religions. This led it to start a crusade against other religions. This crusade became a contributory factor in the growth of communalism in India in the 20th century.
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Table of Contents
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL UPRISING IN INDIA FOR MAI BHAGO AFPI
1. Who proclaimed “Rationalism is our only preceptor”?
(a) Akshay Kumar Dutt
(b) Jyotibha Phule
(c) Haji Shariat Allah
(d) Syed Ahmed Khan
ANSWER: A
2. Who is the father of Indian Renaissance?
(a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
(b) David Hare
(c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(d) Rabindra Nath Tagore
ANSWER: A
3. Find the correct option:
(a) Hindu College: David Hare
(b) Vedanta College: Ram Mohan Roy
(c) Sanskrit College: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(d) All are correct matches
ANSWER: D
4. M G Ranade, R G Bhandarkar, and N G Chandavarkar were prominent leaders of:
(a) Brahmo Samaj
(b) Arya Samaj
(c) Prathna Samaj
(d) None of the above
ANSWER: C
5. Founder of Young Bengal movement was:
(a) Abindranath Tagore
(b) Henry VIvian Derozio
(c) Ram Mohan Roy
(d) Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
ANSWER: B
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6. Dayanand Anglo Vedic(DAV) Schools were established first in 1886 at:
(a) Bombay
(b) Madras
(c) Lahore
(d) Haridwar
ANSWER: C
7. Who among the following establishes the Mukti Mission in Pune?
(a) Pandita Ramabai
(b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
(c) Savitribai Phule
(d) Jyotiba Phule
Answer: A
8. The Parsi Reform Movement Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Sabha (Religious Reform Association) was founded in which year?
(a) 1829
(b) 1851
(c) 1879
(d) 1861
Answer: B
9. Who among the following founded the Namdhari Movement?
(a) Baba Dyal Singh
(b) Baba Ram Singh
(c) Mahmud Hasan
(d) Jagat Mithra
Answer: B
10.Who among the following established the Tattvabodhini Sabha in 1839 at Calcutta ?
(a) Keshab Chandra Sen
(b) Debendra Nath Tagore
(c) Rammohan Roy
(d) Sivanatha Sasri
Answer: B
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11. Who among the following was popularly known as ‘Lokahitawadi’?
(a) Jyotiba Phule
(b) Pt. Iswar Chandra Vidhyasagar
(c) Gopal Hari Deshmukh
(d) Mahadev Govind Ranade
Answer: C
12. Who among the following established the Calcutta committee?
(a) Raja Rammohan Roy
(b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(c) Keshab Chandra Sen
(d) Rabindranath Tagore
Answer: (a)
13. Sati was declared illegal and punishable by the Regulation XVII during the Governor-Generalship of
(a) Lord William Bentick
(b) Lord Canning
(c) Lord Ripon
(d) Lord Dalhousie
Answer: (a)
14. Who among the following started the newspaper Shome Prakash?
(a) Dayanand Saraswati
(b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
(c) Raja Rammohan Roy
(d) Surendranath Banerjee
Answer: (c)
15. Which one among the following was the First English Newspaper in India in the year 1780?
(a) The Calcutta Gazette
(b) The Bengal Gazette
(c) The Bengal journal
(d) The Bombay Herald
Answer: (c)
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16.Which of the following was a striking feature of Indian Cultural renaissance?
(a) Birth of new regional languages
(b) Growth of the novel at the expense of other forms of writing
(c) Research oriented study of the past history and antiquities
(d) Growth of new schools of philosophy
Answer: (c)
17. Which of the following is known as the saint of Dakshineshwar?
(a) Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
(b) Sant Jnaneshwar
(c) Vivekananda
(d) RamaKrishna Parmahansa
Answer: (d)
18. Where was the Theosophical society founded in 1875 by Madame HP Blavatsky and Colonel HS Olcott?
(a) India
(b) USA
(c) UK
(d) USSR
Answer: (c)
19. Which of the following was not one of the factors responsible for the Moplah rising in 1921?
(a) Social disabilities
(b) Police excesses
(c) Non-cooperation propaganda
(d) Khilafatist meetings
Answer: (a)
20. Who among the following leaders did not believe in the drain theory of Dadabhai Naoroji?
(a) C.G. Tilak
(b) R.C. Dutt
(c) M.G. Ranade.
(d) Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
Answer: (d)
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21. What was the primary aim of the Akali Movement which rose in Punjab in 1920?
(a) to voice the political grievances of Sikhs
(b) to bring about modernization in Sikhs’s social customs
(c) to streamline the management of the Gurudwaras or Sikh shrines.
(d) to purge sikhism of its superstitious accretion and irrational incrustation.
Answer: (c)
22. Which of the following was not one of the fundamental points of the religious teachings of the theosophical society?
(a) The unity of God and three fold emanation of God
(b) The spiritual hierarchy of beings
(c) Universal brotherhood
(d) Prayer and piety
Answer: (d)
23. Who gave the title of ‘Raja’ to Ram Mohan Roy?
(a) Aurangzeb
(b) Robert Clive
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Mughal Emperor Akbar II
Answer : D
24. Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha was related to who among the following leaders?
(a) Mahatama Gandhi
(b) C.R. Ambedkar
(c) Tej Bahadur Sapru
(d) C.R. Das
Answer : B
25. Which Indian social activist and politician led the Self-Respect Movement or Dravidian Movement against Brahminism?
(a) C Rajagopalachari
(b) P Theagaraya Chetty
(c) C Annadurai
(d) Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy
Answer : D
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26. Who gave the slogan ‘Back to Vedas’?
(a) Lala Hansraj
(b) Pandit Guru Dutt
(c) Swami Dayananda Saraswati
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
Answer :C
27.Pledge Movement was founded by
(a) M.G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao
(b) Khudiram Bose
(c) Charulal Mehta
(d) Dadabhai Naroji
Answer :A
28. Who amongst the following Englishmen first translated Bhagvad Gita into English?
(a) William Jones
(b) Charles Wilkins
(c) Alexander Cunningham
(d) John Marshall.
Answer: (c)
29. Vande Mataram, the nationalist song was a part of
(a) Durgesh Nadini
(b) Saraswatichandra
(c) Grihadaha
(d) Anand Math
Answer: (d)
30. Which of the following programmes of the Arya samaj contributed to the growth of communalism in India?
(a) Spread of education among women
(b) Eradication of untouchability
(c) The Suddhi Movement
(d) Propagation of western education and teaching of sciences
Answer: (c)
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